Coastal relief forms. Coastal Marine Processes and Relief Form Relief Coast

Shore- This is the border of sushi and the sea, where their interaction occurs. It is noted within a relatively wide band called coastal area.This zone includes the surface of the coast and the underwater coastal slope.

On the coastal zone, the forces are affected: maritime excitement; Wave flows and tidal and taming phenomena. In the formation of shores also take part: rivers connecting delta shores; tectonic movements; living organisms.

The chip material in the coastal zone moved by the waves and the observation is called seasy nanos.The accumulation of the nanos in the zone of the surf flow is called called beach.Usually the beach is complicated larger than the underwater coastal slope. Near the wave partition zone accumulates the largest chip material, since the maximum flow rates - at the beginning of its movement.

Morphological features highlight beaches full and incomplete profile.

Full profile beach It is formed if there is free space in front of the emerging nanos. Then the beach becomes the appearance of the coastal shaft, which has a slide and wide sea slope and a coolest slope facing the shore. In case the beach is formed at the foot of the ledge, it is formed invalid beach or incomplete profile beach With one slope facing the sea.

With the transverse movement of the nanos, various underwater and coastal accumulative forms occur. it underwater shaftspresenting accumulative forms folded with sandy material and stretched along the shore parallel to each other. Usually there are 2-3 shafts, less often 5-6 shafts. The height of them from 1 to 4 meters with a length of several hundred meters to several kilometers.

The origin of underwater shafts is associated with partial destruction of waves or so-called zubunivania.At the same time, the shafts lose part of the energy and the material transferred by them is deposited at the bottom in the form of a submarine shaft. The area of \u200b\u200bpartial destruction of the waves with a shallow running of the bottom near the shore can be quite wide. It is called zone Zuburning.A large amount of submarine shafts is associated with the fact that waves of different battle are underway to bubbling at different depths. Underwater shafts are formed in places of underwater slope, where there is a partial destruction of the waves of the definition of determination. Beaches, coastal and underwater shafts are elementary accumulative forms. Larger accumulative formations include coastal bars or barriers.

Coastal barscomplicated material of bottom origin, usually finished and coral sand. ʜᴎʜᴎ stretching for dozens and hundreds of kilometers along the lowland seashores and usually separate the coastal water management from the sea, which is called called lagoon.The foot of the sea bars are located on the depth of 10-20 m, and above the water they rise at 5-7 m, sometimes up to several tens of meters. Such a large height is achieved at the expense of Dunes. Bars are widespread and occur in 10% of the Black Ocean Coast. It can be assumed that the formation of bars is associated with an increase in the level of the ocean in the settlement time. At the same time, the surfaces of flooded accumulative plains are too small and the waves endure the large masses of sand towards the coast. Excess the moved nansions fall when driving and form a submarine bar, which becomes an obstacle for applicants from the underwater coastal slope. The deposition of them on the maritime side of the bar leads to its growth in width. At the same time, the bar grows and height due to the pumping of the nanos on the crest and the overall movement of the bar for smaller depths. It can be considered that the formation of coastal or island bars is associated with a change in the level of the world's ocean in the newest time.

Longitudinal movement of nanos. When approaching the waves under the oblique angle to the shore arises longitudinalor alternatively moving the nanos.Due to the wave oscillations, the particles of the nanos make the path along the zigzag trajectory and pass the distance along the coast. The rude flow, having runting to the beach, at the beginning retains the direction of movement of the wave, then it deviates more from it under the action of gravity. Reverse stream runs down in the direction of the greatest slope. It describes a asymmetric trajectory resembling parabola, and moves particles of the nanos along the coastline. The speed of such a move depends on the magnitude of the angle of the wave of the wave to the shore. At the same time, its optimal value is 45 °. Under certain conditions on the beach and on the underwater coastal slope there is a massive movement of the nanos. Such their movement in one direction for a long period of time, for example for the year, is customary with the flow of the nanos. The flow is characterized by power, capacity and saturation.

Power flow- This is the number of nanos, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ really moves along the shore for the year. Capacity- It is customary to call the number of applications, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ waves are capable of moving. In case the power is equal to the container, this means that all the energy of the waves is spent only for transport. Neither the erosion of the coast, nor the deposition of the nanos in this case does not occur. For this reason satietythe stream should be called the ratio of power to the container. In case this is less than 1, then the flow is unsaturated. In this case, part of the energy free from the material transfer will be directed to the blurry of the coast. In the event that the flow capacity is less than the receipt of the nanos to this area, we can talk about increasing the intensity of the flow of the flow of the stream. As a result, part of the material stops movement and deposit, forming accumulative forms.

Accumulative forms with longitudinal movement of nanos. With a decrease in the angle of the wave approach to the bank, the flow capacity decreases and the battery begins. At the same time formed: battery forms of filling circuit of the coast. This category includes various accumulative underwater terraces in the tops of the bays. Accumulative braidswhich are formed when hitting the protrusion of the shore stream. In this case, the wave front is spreading and lowering its energy. The braids are labeled towards the shore of only their root part, and their growing ending remains free. For this reason, such braids are called free accumulative forms. If the shore from the sea is protected by a cape, then at the entrance to the bay, a closing form is formed, which is customary to call.

Abrasion.Abrazia is customary to call the destructive work of the sea. It is mechanical, chemical and thermal.

Mechanical abrasion - This is the destruction of rocks, the coagulation of the shores under the action of shocks of the waves of the surf and fragments of rocks carrying waves and the surf.

Chemical abrasion - Destroying rocks due to dissolving them with sea water.

Thermal abrasion - the destruction of shores folded with frozen rocks, or ice, as a result of a sweeping action sea water.

With a steep, the bias of the coastal slope waves come to the shore with a large reserve of energy. Direct exposure to the area adjacent to the coastline. For this reason, a seizure is formed here, which is called called warbon niche.When it is deepened, the cornice collapse occurs. The mass of the breed entered into the water is even more accelerating the destruction of the coast. The process of collaboration of the cornice is repeated repeatedly, which leads to the formation of a vertical ledge, that is abrasion cliffor cliff.Before Cliff is weakly inclined in the direction of the sea. Playground, called ben.Bench begins at the foot of the cliff itself and continues below the sea level. The extension of Benches in the process of abrasion leads to the profile and attenuation of the processes of the destruction of the coast.

Aligning coastline. The destruction of the shores and the formation of accumulative coastal forms lead to alignment of the coastline. The starting outline of it is currently determined by the penetration of marine waters in lowering the relief after the departure of the glacier. Such shores are called ingression. Among them are distinguished:

1. Fiorhed (fjord) shoresFormed during flooding of glacial valleys. Fjords- Narrow and long winding bays (Norway, Canada, N. Zeland).

2. Ski shoreswhich were formed during the flooding of low glacial plains. Schhers- These are small rocky islands, which are flooded screeding foreheads separated by narrow straits.

3. Ricas coast, arising during the flooding of river valleys mountainous countries. Rias are narrow winding bays. For example, Sevastopol bay.

4. Laughty shoresFormed when flooding river valleys of coastal plains. Bay arising from this - limans. (S.-Zap. Black Sea).

5. Dalmatian style shoresarising from the flooding of folded structures having a strike close to the overall direction of the coast. At the same time, the bizarre archipelagoes of the islands stretched along the coast are formed.

6. Shores of discharge-block blade dismemberment which are formed during the flooding of tectonic depression of rabes (the Greek coast of the Aegean Sea).

All the types of coast are in different stages of alignment, which is associated with the unequal nature of the initial dismemberment and different geological structure. At the same time, some segments were aligned, others are aligned, and the third in the course of the alignment has gained even greater dismembrance. This happened due to the formation of bays or irrigations on the site more supplied to the erosion of rocks, as well as in the formation of closing accumulative forms.

Some shores retain their initial dismemberment. This refers to rice and fiorda shores, as well as to the shores of tectonic dismemberment, folded by durable magmatic rocks. Such shores are called shores, not changed by sea.Their development proceeds mainly under the influence of slope processes. They can be called denudationand with a large exposure to the sea - abrasion denudation.

The shores of the tidal seas. On sea shores affect not only excitement, but also tides. At the same time, tides on deep shores enhance abrasion, since with an increase in the depth of the shore, the waves are vigorously affect the cliff. The foot of the cliff on such shores is at the level of the tide. During the low tide, only a part of the weighted material is carried out by the refund. As a result, the shore forms accumulative forms, which are called drying or watts. Gradually, the surface of the drying becomes higher than the level of tides, it is posted vegetation on it and soil cover is formed - marches arise.

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϭᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the accumulative activity of tides in general leads to extension of sushi. Underwater accumulative forms can be formed within the coastal shallow water: sand ridges and sandy waves.

Sand ridges- These are large linous forms with a length of up to several kilometers and a width of 1-2 km. Their height is up to 20 m. They are located along the shore in the direction of tidal flows.

Sand waves- These are the formations that arose on the slopes of sandy grocery and the oriented frontal towards the direction of tidal flows. The sizes of them from several hundred meters to several kilometers in length and up to several meters in height. ʜᴎʜᴎ resemble increased wave ripple signs.

Coral shores and islands. In the formation of the seashore on the coasts of the tropical seas, some marine can play a big role organisms-Rippostroiters,which are absorbed from seawater lime. When they are eliminated formed coralor reef limestone.Accumulative forms built from such limestone are called coral reefs.

The following types of coral buildings distinguish:

- boundary or coastal reefs;

- barrier reefs;

- ring or intrarable reefs.

Furi reefs These are underwater coral and limestone terraces adjacent to the shore. The outer side of them is covered by living colonies of corals. Reef surface is called reef flute.With the removal from the outer zone, this surface is becoming more covered with a case of gravel and sand. At the shore, it is bordered by a sandy-gravel beach. The power of the focusing reef, on tectonically-stable shores, usually does not exceed 50 m, which is associated with the habitat of the rhyme-forming corals. Coral polyps live in symbiosis with a single-celled green algae that needs good light.

Barrier reefs These are coral-limestone ridges, remote from the shore at considerable distances. The capacity of barrier reefs is many times more bordering reefs. As established, they occur with the tectonic immersion of their outer edge. The largest reef is a big barrier reef stretching along the northeast outskirts of Australia by more than 2,300 km. If barrier Reef. It is formed around a small submersible island, it is converted to an annular reef, or atoll. At the same time, a coral lagoon is formed inside the atoll, in which intragrad reefs may occur. In most cases, they have a type of columns, or giant tubes, ragged in the lagoon randomly scattered inside. Merging with each other columns form large in the area of \u200b\u200beducation, which are called banks.In the tropical seas often encounter coral islands. Usually they are located on the accumulative forms formed by the activities of sea waves and consisting of coral nansions - sand, gravel, pebbles, and sometimes the glybe of reef limestone.

As a result of the multiple change of the depth of the ocean into glacial and intergaren eras, coastal zones Seas formed a kind of relief forms, which are called ancient coastal lines.ʜᴎʜᴎ can sometimes be located on land and correspond to the sea situation higher than at present. Ancient coast linescorresponding to a lower level now flooded by the sea.

Raised coastal lines are expressed in the form sea terraces.These are steps stretched along the coast. Each terrace is allocated: the surface of the terrace; ledge; brocci; rear seam.ʜᴎʜᴎ Fix the position of the ancient coastline.

Considering the dependence of the reservation allocate:

1. Accumulative terraces, that is, completely folded with coastal sediments;

2. Abrasion terraceswhich are composed only by indigenous rocks;

3. Ground terraceshaving a native base, blocked by sea sediments.

To identify the history of the development of the coast, the so-called spectra terraces,which make it possible to make a comparison of various sections of the coast and contain information about non-stocking movements.

Sea coastal relief forms - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Sea Coastal Forms of Relief" 2017, 2018.

Coastline (cut line) - a line on which the horizontal water surface of the sea (or lake) intersects with land. Since the level of water bodies does not remain constant, the coastline is a conditional concept applied relative to some mean perennial position of the reservoir.

The underwater coastal slope is a coastal strip of the seabed, within which the waves are capable of carrying out active work (reveal the bottom, move the nanos). The coastal zone includes the shore and underwater coastal slope.

Shores are: ♠ High (for example, shore Kola Peninsula) ♠ Low (north shore of the Caspian Sea); ♠ Dismanded (Black Sea Coast Crimean Peninsula and the mouth of the Danube) ♠ leveled (Black Sea coast between Gelendzhik and Sochi); ♠ Plurred, having significant slopes of the underwater coastal slope with the predominant development of abrasion (destructive) processes (Black Sea coast to the south of Novorossiysk), ♠ shallow, characterized by small angles of the underwater coastal slope, with the predominance of material accumulation processes (the coast of the Northern Caspian).

Waves. The wind, affecting the aqueous surface, causes vibrational movements of water in its surface thicker. Water particles begin to perform orbital movements in the plane perpendicular to the surface of the sea, and the movement in these orbits is performed in the direction of the wind.

The waves of a shallow water, in contrast to the waves of the open sea, affect the bottom (on the underwater coastal slope) and they themselves have its impact. The waves of the open sea spend energy only to overcome the internal friction and to interact with the atmosphere.

The waves transfer the blurred material parallel to the shore, laying it in another place, so formed shames or sand bars, which can grow into a chain of the barrier islands.

The masses of the debrid material moved in the coastal zone by waves are called sea nans. If the shore is accumulated, that is, the seabed near it is folded by the nanos, above the coastline in the area of \u200b\u200bthe surfing zone is formed by the accumulation of nanos - the beach (Franz. Plage - a gentle seashore).

Thanks to the above-handing transfer, the bay-smoking bay downturns are filled. Where the flow of nanos cannot be wrapped along the coastal flowing in the direction of the coastline, braids can form - long ridges, low rising above the water. If some obstacle is an island, a shallow, half-faced ship, an artificial structure - it makes it difficult to move the wave movement, creates a wave shadow, the accumulation of nanos usually leads to the creation of jumpers between the shore and this obstacle - the following obstacle, or tombolo (ITAL. Tombolo - roller, dune) . The comb's comb can be under sea level, can perform on it constantly or only in the tump

If a tectonic raising occurs or the level of the world's ocean, the flat coastal areas, which were previously below the water level, turn out to be higher, the characteristic coastal forms are formed - sea terraces having a flat platform and relatively cool ledges to water or a lower tier.

The shore is the sushi band adjacent to the coastline, the relief of which is formed by the sea at a given middle level of the reservoir.

The root bank is the coast of indigenous rocks, often deployed. It is opposed to shores, folded alluvial (in river valleys, loose marines) or organogenic (seas, coral reefs) formations.

Smooth is the shore having simple outlines. Meets in plain countries; Bay - Honor of mountainous coasts. Severely cut; Riacas - forms in the case when mountain ridges Suitable to the sea at an angle or perpendicular. At the same time, the sea floods intermediate depressions, forming long wedge-shaped bays (example - shores of Spain); Dalmatinsky - characteristic of Adriatic coast. At the same time, the sea hits the mountains that were cut to the gorges on the type of lattice. As a result, numerous islands are formed separated by wide longitudinal and narrow transverse bays; Fjord - characteristic of the coast of Norway, Greenland and New Earth. The sea floats ancient river valleys and tectonic depressions treated with a glacier and forms long and narrow bays with high and steep rocky shores, deeply cut into the land. Such bays are called fjords. The length of some of them is more than 200 km, depth up to 1000 m or more;

Schoch - originated on the coasts folded by crystalline rocks, also undergoing glacier treatment. As a result, the mass of small islands, located close to each other and from the shore. The shatter type of coast is characteristic of the south of the Scandinavian Peninsula, for the shores of Finland, Iceland. In Russia, this type of shore is found in Ladoga and Onega Lakes; Limina - in its origin close to RIA-owl, occurs when flooding the mouth of the river valleys of low-lying coasts. Over time, the shallow water bay, called the Liman, is separated from the sea of \u200b\u200ba shallow water zone or oblique. With the full branch there is a liman lake. This type of coast is characteristic of black and Azov Sela; Laguneda - develops on young lowlands folded with loose nanos. Distributed on southern outskirts Baltic Sea. Parallel coastline formed long sandy braidsthat are separated from the open sea elongated along the shore of the chain of the lagoon.

The chip material in the coastal zone, moved by waves and the observation, is called seasy nanos.The accumulation of the nanos in the zone of the surf flow is called beach.Usually the beach is complicated larger than the underwater coastal slope. Near the wave partition zone accumulates the largest chip material, since the maximum flow rates - at the beginning of its movement.

Morphological features highlight beaches full and incomplete profile.

Full profile beach It is formed if there is a free space in front of the emerging nanos. Then the beach becomes the appearance of the coastal shaft, which has a slide and wide sea slope and a coolest slope facing the shore. If the beach is formed at the foot of the ledge, it is formed invalid beach or incomplete profile beach With one slope facing the sea.

With the transverse movement of the nanos, various underwater and coastal accumulative forms occur. it underwater shaftspresenting accumulative forms folded with sandy material and stretched along the shore parallel to each other. Usually there are 2-3 shafts, less often 5-6 shafts. The height of them from 1 to 4 meters at a length of several hundred meters to several kilometers.

The origin of underwater shafts is associated with partial destruction of waves or so-called zubunivania.At the same time, the shafts lose part of the energy and the material transferred by them is deposited at the bottom in the form of a submarine shaft. The area of \u200b\u200bpartial destruction of the waves with a shallow running of the bottom near the shore can be quite wide. It is called zone Zuburning.A large amount of submarine shafts is associated with the fact that waves of different battle are underway to bubbling at different depths. Underwater shafts are formed in places of underwater slope, where partial destruction of the waves of a certain beal occurs. Beaches, coastal and underwater shafts are elementary accumulative forms. Larger accumulative formations include coastal bars or barriers.

Coastal barscomplicated material of bottom origin, usually finished and coral sand. They stretch on dozens and hundreds of kilometers along the lowland seashores and usually separate the coastal water management from the sea, which is called lagoon.The foot of the sea bars are located at a depth of 10-20 m, and above the water they rise at 5-7 m, sometimes up to several tens of meters. Such a large height is achieved at the expense of the Dunes. Bars are widespread and occur in 10% of the Black Ocean Coast. It can be assumed that the formation of bars is associated with an increase in the level of the ocean in post declarations. At the same time, the surfaces of the flooded accumulative plains are too sloping and the waves are put in the direction of the shore large masses of sand. Excess the moved nansions fall when driving and form a submarine bar, which becomes an obstacle for applicants from the underwater coastal slope. The deposition of them on the maritime side of the bar leads to its growth in width. At the same time, the bar is growing and height due to the attachment of the proportion of the crest and the overall movement of the bar for smaller depths. It can be considered that the formation of coastal or island bars is associated with a change in the level of the world's ocean in the newest time.

Longitudinal movement of nanos. When approaching the waves under the oblique angle to the shore arises longitudinalor alternatively moving the nanos.Due to the wave oscillations, the particles of the nanos make a way along a zigzag trajectory and pass a certain distance along the coast. Surface stream, stepping on the beach, at the beginning retains the direction of the wave movement, then increasingly deviates from it under the action of gravity. Reverse stream runs down in the direction of the greatest slope. It describes a asymmetric trajectory resembling parabola, and moves particles of the nanos along the coastline. The speed of such a move depends on the magnitude of the angle of the wave of the wave to the shore. At the same time, its optimal value is 45 °. Under certain conditions on the beach and on the underwater coastal slope there is a massive movement of the nanos. Such their movement in one direction for a long period of time, for example for a year, is called the flow of nanos. The flow is characterized by power, capacity and saturation.

Power flow- This is the number of applications that actually moves along the shore for the year. Capacity- It is called the number of applications that the waves are capable of moving. If the power is equal to the container, this means that all the energy of the waves is only spent on transport. Neither the blurring of the coast, nor the deposition of the nanos in this case does not occur. therefore satietythe stream should be called the ratio of power to the container. If it is less than 1, then the flow is unsaturated. In this case, part of the energy free from the material transfer will be directed to the blurry of the coast. If the flow capacity is less than the receipt of the proposals to this area, we can talk about increasing the intensity of the flow of the flow capacity. As a result, part of the material stops movement and deposit, forming accumulative forms.

Accumulative forms with longitudinal movement of nanos. With a decrease in the angle of the wave approach to the bank, the flow capacity decreases and the battery begins. At the same time formed: battery forms of filling circuit of the coast. This category includes various accumulative underwater terraces in the tops of the bays. Accumulative braidswhich are formed when hitting the protrusion of the shore stream. In this case, the wave front is spreading and lowering its energy. The braids are labeled towards the shore of only their root part, and their growing ending remains free. Therefore, such braids are called free accumulative forms. If the shore from the sea is protected by a cape, then a closing form is formed at the bay, which is called Pozing.

Abrasion.Abrazia is called destructive work of the sea. It is mechanical, chemical and thermal.

Mechanical abrasion - This is the destruction of rocks, the coagulation of the shores under the action of shocks of the waves of the surf and fragments of rocks carrying waves and the surf.

Chemical abrasion - Destroying rocks due to dissolving them with sea water.

Thermal abrasion - Destruction of shores folded with frozen rocks, or ice, as a result of a seawater of seawater.

With a steep, the bias of the coastal slope waves come to the shore with a large reserve of energy. Direct exposure to the area adjacent to the coastline. Therefore, a seizure is formed here, which is called warbon niche.When it is deepened, the cornice collapse occurs. The mass of the breed entered into the water is even more accelerating the destruction of the coast. The process of collaboration of the cornice is repeated repeatedly, which leads to the formation of a vertical ledge, that is abrasion cliffor cliff.Before Cliff is weakly inclined in the direction of the sea. Playground, called ben.Bench begins at the foot of the cliff itself and continues below the sea level. The extension of Benches in the process of abrasion leads to the profile and attenuation of the processes of the destruction of the coast.

1. Fiorhed (fjord) shoresFormed during flooding of glacial valleys. Fjords- Narrow and long winding bays (Norway, Canada, N. Zeland).

2. Ski shoreswhich were formed during the flooding of low glacial plains. Schhers- These are small rocky islands, which are flooded lamb foreheads, separated by narrow straits.

3. Ricas coast, The river valleys arising during the flooding of river valleys. Rias are narrow winding bays. For example, Sevastopol bay.

4. Laughty shoresFormed when flooding river valleys of coastal plains. Bay arising from this - limans. (S.-Zap. Black Sea).

6. Shores of discharge-block blade dismemberment which are formed during the flooding of tectonic depression of rabes (the Greek coast of the Aegean Sea).

All types of coast are in different stages of alignment, which is associated with the unequal nature of the initial dismemberment and different geological structure. At the same time, some segments were aligned, others are aligned, and the third in the course of the alignment has gained even greater dismembrance. This happened due to the formation of bays or irrigations on the site more supplied to the erosion of rocks, as well as in the formation of closing accumulative forms.

The shores of the tidal seas. On sea shores affect not only excitement, but also tides. At the same time, tides on deep shores amplify abrasion, since with an increase in the depth of the shore, the waves are more vigorously affect the cliff. The foot of the cliff on such shores is at the level of the tide. During the low tide, only a part of the weighted material is carried out by the refund. As a result, the shore forms accumulative forms, which are called drying or watts. Gradually, the surface of the drying becomes higher than the level of tides, vegetation is settled on it and soil cover is formed - marches arise.

Thus, the accumulative activity of tides in general leads to extension of sushi. Underwater accumulative forms can be formed within the coastal shallow water: sand ridges and sandy waves.

Sand ridges- These are large linear forms up to a few kilometers long and 1-2 km width. Their height is up to 20 m. They are located along the shore in the direction of tidal flows.

The following types of coral buildings distinguish:

- boundary or coastal reefs;

- barrier reefs;

- ring or intrarable reefs.

Furi reefs These are underwater coral and limestone terraces adjacent to the shore. The outer side of them is covered by living colonies of corals. The surface of the reef is called reef flute.With the removal from the outer zone, this surface is increasingly covered with a case of gravel and sand. At the shore, it is bordered by a sandy-gravel beach. The power of the focusing reef, on tectonically-stable shores, usually does not exceed 50 m, which is associated with the habitat of the rhyme-forming corals. Coral polyps live in symbiosis with a single-celled green algae, which needs good illumination.

Barrier reefs These are coral-limestone ridges, remote from the shore at considerable distances. The capacity of barrier reefs is many times more bordering reefs. As established, they occur with the tectonic immersion of their outer edge. The largest reef is a big barrier reef stretching along the northeast outskirts of Australia by more than 2,300 km. If the barrier reef is formed around a small submersible island, it is converted to an annular reef, or atoll. At the same time, a coral lagoon is formed inside the atoll, in which intragrad reefs may occur. In most cases, they have a type of columns, or giant tubes, ragged in the lagoon randomly scattered inside. Merging with each other columns form large in the area of \u200b\u200beducation, which are called banks.In the tropical seas often encounter coral islands. Usually they are located on the accumulative forms formed by the activities of sea waves and consisting of coral nansions - sand, gravel, pebbles, and sometimes glyb reef limestone.

As a result of a multiple change of the depth of the ocean into glacial and intergaren eras, in the coastal areas of the seas, a peculiar form of reliefs were formed, which are called ancient coastal lines.They can sometimes be located on land and correspond to the position of the sea higher than at present. Ancient coastal lines corresponding to a lower level are now flooded by the sea.

Depending on the structure, allocate:

1. Accumulative terraces, that is, completely folded with coastal sediments;

2. Abrasion terraceswhich are composed only by indigenous rocks;

3. Ground terraceshaving a native base, blocked by sea sediments.

Coastal shapes relief

abrasion and accumulative. Abrasion forms: steep, often a steep coastal ledge, or cliff, a winguric niche and coastal, or abrasion, platform; Surfacial carries, miniature coest-like beds, gigid boilers. Shore accumulative forms Different variety. According to morphological features, three of them are distinguished: keeping - accumulative surface formations, on all over, adjacent to the shore; free - Narrow sushi applied strips adjacent to the shore only one end, and then extending from it an increasing angle; circuit - connecting with the shore as their root part, and the growing end. Under the conditions of the formation and composition of the level of the level, the accumulative coastal shapes are divided into beaches, beach festoons, coastal shafts, underwater trees, bars, braids, printed and tombolly, or a look. Beach - This is a covering abrasive platform of a cloak of a loose material from a pebble, gravel, sand and shell detritus. Beach Festons - A number of rollers, a parallel coastline, is created by a surge thread from the marine margin of the beach. Coastal trees - A double-flatbed of a full profile, folded by sand, alert or rikas. Underwater trees - Sand linear, forming the series shafts, arise parallel to the shore and lines will be inate with transverse movements along the coastal injuries caused by wave movements. Bars - Released underwater trees. Spit - Free linear accumulative forms of simple and complex structure, straight and sickle curved in the plan, connected to the shore in one end. Reprelecting - Linear accumulative forms, brazing bays. Tombolo. - Narrow linear, usually sandy forms that bind about the shores.

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

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Relief form of the coastal zone created by the sea with a relatively lower or higher level compared to modern. By originally distinguished: accumulative, abrasion and base (accumulative abrasion) terraces. ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

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The main part of the United States on the features of the relief is divided into eight provinces: Appalachi, coastal plains, internal hills, internal plains, elevation of the Lake Upper, Rocky Mountains, Intergorenaya Plateau and Pacific Coastal ... Encyclopedia Color

Science on the structure and history of land development. The main objects of research rocks in which the geological chronicle of the Earth is captured, as well as modern physical processes and mechanisms acting both on its surface and in the depths, ... ... Encyclopedia Color

(Lakes, Rivers), are called the shore.

The shores are divided depending on their steepness (sloping, incisive) and the nature of the components of their materials (or strong, sandy, pebble, stony). From the side of the water area, the seabed is adjacent to the shore, which is constantly experiencing the effects of water wave movements. This strip is called an underwater coastal slope.

Coast and underwater coastal slope together form coast zone of the seaWith which the complex interaction of the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the biosphere is constantly carried out. For this zone, the impermanence of the form of relief and their various combinations within the limits even small in the length of the plots. The work of seawater is manifested in the destruction of the shores - abrasionAs a result, they are departed into the depths of sushi, as well as in the sediment of destruction products - accumulation, which leads to a change in the underwater terrain of the coastal zone and to the formation of new types of coast. The shores formed mainly as a result of the destructive work of the waves are called abrasion, and the shores created by depositing the nanos are accumulative.

The main factor in the formation of the abrasion shores is the destructive work of surge waves, as a result of which the deepening is formed at the base of the slope - warbor niche. Over time, this niche is increasingly deepened, the hanging parts of the discovery fall into the sea, while becoming a mass of fragments, with the help of which the robust waves continue to continue the destruction of the coastal yield.

The creative work of the sea is expressed in the accumulation of materials dropped by sea (sand, pebbles, marine shells, etc.). Pebbles and sand on the surface of the abrasion platform are constantly moving within its limits under the influence of the surf. As a result, the form of relief of accumulative origin is created.

As a result of a multiple change of the depth of the ocean into glacial and intergaren eras, in the coastal areas of the seas, a peculiar form of reliefs were formed, which are called ancient coastal lines. They can sometimes be located on land and correspond to the position of the sea higher than at present. Ancient coastal lines corresponding to a lower level are now flooded by the sea.

Raised coastal lines are expressed in the form sea terrace. These are steps stretched along the coast.

Each terrace is allocated: the surface of the terrace; ledge; brocci; rear seam.They fix the position of the ancient coastline.

Depending on the structure, allocate:

Accumulative terraces, that is, completely folded with coastal sediments;
Abrasion terraceswhich are composed only by indigenous rocks;
Ground terraceshaving a native base, blocked by sea sediments.

Types of coast (byD. G. Panov)

(A - Ricasova, B - Fiori, B - Schoch, Mr., D - Dalmatinsky, E - Watte (1 - Watts, 2 - Loafers of the Stoke), Well - thermo-abrasion, z - coral, and - volcanic).

Literature.

Smolyaninov V. M. General landland: Lithosphere, biosphere, geographic shell. Educational and methodical manual / V.M. Smolyaninov, A. Ya. Nemykin. - Voronezh: origins, 2010 - 193 c.